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  Clyde William Tombaugh Clyde W. Tombaugh in Flagstaff, Arizona, 1931 American astronomer Clyde William Tombaugh was born in Streator, Illinois, on February 4, 1906. He was raised on farms in Kansas and became interested in astronomy as a boy. In 1926, at the age of 20, Tombaugh built his first telescope. Using his homemade telescopes, he made drawings of the planets Mars and Jupiter and sent them to Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona. The astronomers at Lowell were so impressed with the young amateur’s powers of observation, they invited him to work at the observatory. Tombaugh worked there from 1929 to 1945.    Vesto Melvin Slipher (1875–1969), director of the observatory, commissioned Tombaugh to resume the search for Planet X, which had previously been led by Percival Lowell (1855–1916), founder of the Lowell Observatory. Tombaugh's task was to systematically image the night sky in pairs of photographs, then examine ...
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   Explorer 1 – the first U.S satellite Artist's impression of Explorer 1. Credit: NASA/JPL On February 1, 1958, Explorer 1 was launched on an adapted Jupiter C (also called Juno I) rocket from LC-26A at the Cape Canaveral Missile Test Center, becoming the first U.S. satellite. It carried instrumentation for the study of cosmic rays, micrometeorites, and for monitoring of the satellite's temperature. Explorer 1 was the first spacecraft to detect the Van Allen radiation belt. Explorer I satellite installed atop the Jupiter-C launch vehicle. Credit: NASA    Launched late on January 31, 1958 (10:48 p.m. EST, or 03:48 UTC on February 1),  Explorer 1 was the first satellite launched by the United States. Following the launch of the Soviet Union’s  Sputnik 1  on October 4, 1957, the U.S. Army Ballistic Missile Agency was directed to launch a satellite using its Jupiter C rocket developed under the direction of Dr. Wernher von Braun  (1912–1977) . The Je...
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 Apollo 14 – the landing at Fra Mauro The prime crew of the Apollo 14 lunar landing mission. From left to right they are: Command Module pilot, Stuart A. Roosa, Commander, Alan B. Shepard Jr., and Lunar Module pilot Edgar D. Mitchell. The Apollo 14 mission emblem is in the background. Credit: NASA Mission name: Apollo 14 Crew:     Alan B. Shepard Jr. – Commander    Stuart A. Roosa – Command Module Pilot         Edgar D. Mitchell – Lunar Module Pilot Spacecraft: Apollo CSM-110, Apollo LM-8 Launch vehicle: Saturn V SA-509 Launch site: Kennedy Space Center, LC-39A Launch date: 31 January 1971, 21:03:02 UTC Lunar landing date: 5 February 1971, 09:18:11 UTC, Fra Mauro Return launch: 6 February 1971, 18:48:42 UTC Landing date: 9 February 1971, 21:05:00 UTC Landing site: South Pacific Ocean Flight duration: 9 d, 00 h, 01 min, 58 s Apollo 14 space vehicle is launched from Pad ...
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  Mercury-Redstone 2  Ham – t he first hominid in space A three-year-old chimpanzee, named Ham, in the biopack couch for the MR-2 suborbital test flight. Credit: NASA Mercury-Redstone 2 (MR-2) was launched on a suborbital flight at 16:55 UTC on January 31, 1961, from LC-5 at Cape Canaveral, Florida. The mission was to test the Mercury capsule and the launch vehicle before launching the first American astronaut. The capsule carried a chimpanzee named Ham, the first hominid in space. The capsule and Ham landed safely in the Atlantic Ocean 16 minutes and 39 seconds after launch.    Officially, Ham was known as “Number 65” before his flight, and only renamed "Ham", after the Holoman Aerospace Medical Center, upon his successful return to Earth. He was taught to pull levers in response to the flashing light. Ham was born in July 1957 and was 3 years 8 months old at launch.  The objectives of MR-2 were to: (1) obtain physiological and performance data on a primate in ...
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   STS-51-L – Space Shuttle Challenger disaster STS-51-L crew. Crew members are (left to right, front row) astronauts Michael J. Smith, Francis R. (Dick) Scobee and Ronald E. McNair; Ellison S. Onizuka, Sharon Christa McAuliffe, Gregory Jarvis and Judith A. Resnik. Credit: NASA On January 28, 1986, 1986, a catastrophic structural failure 73 seconds after liftoff of the Space Shuttle, mission STS-51-L, destroyed the orbiter OV-099 Challenger killing all seven crew members – Francis R. "Dick" Scobee (1939–1986), Michael J. Smith (1945–1986), Ellison S. Onizuka (1946–1986), Judith A. Resnik (1949–1986), Ronald E. McNair (1950–1986), Gregory B. Jarvis (1944–1986) and S. Christa McAuliffe (1948–1986).    The disaster was caused by the failure of the two redundant O-ring seals in a joint in the Space Shuttle's right solid rocket booster (SRB). The record-low temperatures of the launch reduced the elasticity of the rubber O-rings, reducing their ability to seal th...
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   Apollo 1 (AS-204) Pad Fire Apollo 1 crew. Astronauts, left to right, Gus Grissom, Ed White, and Roger Chaffee, pose in front of Launch Complex 34 which is housing their Saturn 1 launch vehicle. Credit: NASA Crew:  Virgil "Gus" Ivan Grissom Edward Higgins White, II Roger Bruce Chaffee Apollo Pad Fire: Emergency Transmission: Jan. 27, 1967; 6:31:05 p.m. EST (23:31:05 UTC) Launch Complex 34 Saturn-IB AS-204 CSM-012 On January 27, 1967, a cabin fire inside the Apollo Command Module 012 during a practice session for the first manned Apollo flight (AS-204, later redesignated Apollo 1), at Cape Kennedy Launch Complex 34, killed all three crew members — Lt. Col. Virgil I. "Gus" Grissom (1926–1967), a veteran of Mercury and Gemini missions; Lt. Col. Edward H. White II (1930–1967), the astronaut who had performed the first United States extravehicular activity during the Gemini program; and Roger B. Chaffee (1935–1967), an astronaut preparing for his first space flight. ...
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 Mars Exploration Rover B (Opportunity) Artist's conception of Mars Exploration Rover on the surface of Mars. Credit: NASA/JPL/Cornell University/Maas Digital LLC Official name: Mars Exploration Rover B (Opportunity) Spacecraft name: Mars Exploration Rover 1 (MER 1) COSPAR ID: 2003-032A Nation: USA Mission design and management: NASA / JPL Launch date and time: 8 July 2003, 03:18:15 UT Launch vehicle: Delta 7925H (no. D299) Launch site: Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, SLC-17B Objective: Mars surface lander and rover Mars Exploration Rover B (Opportunity) was launched on July 8, 2003. It landed in Meridiani Planum on the surface of Mars on January 25, 2004, embarking on a more than 14-year mission. The total distance driven by the rover was 45.16 km and the last communication with it was on June 10, 2018, wh...
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